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As the clock struck 12, marking the commencement of the New Year, a global tradition unfolded as thousands anticipated the dazzling display of fireworks. In Kenya, particularly in urban areas, crowds gathered near iconic buildings known for pyrotechnics during significant events, eager to partake in the full-circle New Year experience.
However, on December 30, Elijah Mwangi, the Permanent Secretary for the State Department of Mining, issued a warning to Kenyans planning to ignite fireworks on New Year’s Eve, emphasizing the need for obtaining a license beforehand. This directive, rooted in the Explosives Act, imposes a fine of Sh 500 or a two-month jail term for violators, with Mwangi underscoring the importance of strict regulations to safeguard lives and property.
Beyond the immediate risks associated with fireworks accidents, studies reveal a broader concern related to their environmental impact. Fireworks contribute to both air and sound pollution, as demonstrated in research examining events such as Diwali, the Fourth of July, and New Year’s Eve celebrations.
Studies measuring pollutant levels before and after fireworks displays indicate elevated concentrations of Carbon dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, and particulate matter (PM). A study published in Lung India identifies additional pollutants like sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and metal salts (aluminum, manganese, and cadmium) emitted during fireworks displays.
The chemical reactions that occur during fireworks release particles into the atmosphere, posing inhalation risks. The Lung India study emphasizes that children face a higher risk of respiratory complications due to their limited defenses against PM and gaseous pollutants, along with increased permeability of their airway epithelium.
A comparative study in the scientific journal Springer Nature of Applied Sciences found a 2% increase in carbon dioxide concentration after a July 4 fireworks display. Another study in the journal BMC recommends reducing toxic metals in pyrotechnic displays to mitigate potential adverse health effects.
In addition to environmental concerns, noise pollution from fireworks poses risks to hearing. Pyrotechnicians are advised to wear protective gear due to the loud launch sounds, exceeding 100 dB, as highlighted in a Journal of Occupational Health study.
